Persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs or expectations about oneself, others, or the world (e.g., "I am bad," "no one can be trusted," "the world is completely dangerous," "my whole nervousness system is permanently ruined."). Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic events(s), beginning or worsening after the traumatic event(s), as evidenced by two (or more) of the following: Inability to remember an important aspect of the traumatic events(s) (typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such as head injury, alcohol, or drugs).Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).Īvoidance of or efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places, conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s). Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by one or both of the following.Marked physiological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s)." Intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s). In children, trauma-specific reenactment may occur in play. (Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with the extreme expression being a complete loss of awareness of present surroundings). Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or effect of the dream are related to the traumatic event(s).ĭissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the trauma event(s) were recurring. In children older than 6, there may be frightening dreams without recognizable content.
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